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Item type: Item , Optimisation of sample size for the detection of latent infection by Ralstonia solanacearum in potato seed tubers in the highlands of Peru(Springer, 2001) Priou, S.; Torres, R.; Villar, A.; Gutarra, L.; De Mendiburu, F.A sampling strategy was evaluated in the Andean highlands of Peru to optimise the detection of Ralstonia solanacearum in seed tubers harvested from symptomless crops. A sensitive and specific serological method developed at CIP was used to detect the pathogen in latently infected tubers. Optimum sample size was evaluated for symptomless crops after analysing various numbers of composite samples and using a binomial distribution model to calculate the detection probabilities. R. solanacearum was detected in all lots from fields with visible symptoms, so validating the detection technique. About half of the seed lots from apparently healthy fields at altitudes of up to 3,100 m were found positive for the pathogen. R. solanacearum was detected with 99% probability in samples of 350 tubers from seed lots from symptomless crops. This number of seed tubers could feasibly be processed in a seed-health test without incurring too high a cost for labour and materials.Item type: Item , Una nueva especie de Oregmopyga (Coccoidea, Eriococcidae) de Perú, descripción de estadios inmaduros(Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2007) Granara de Willink, M.C.; Diaz, W.Se describe e ilustra la hembra adulta, el primer estadio ninfal (sexo indefinido) y el segundo estadio ninfal de la hembra y del macho, de Oregmopyga peruviana sp. nov., que fue encontrada sobre Vitis vinifera en Perú; se incluye una clave para las especies. El género es nuevo para Sudamérica.Item type: Item , Evaluation of the impact of live pig trade network, vaccination coverage and socio-economic factors in the classical swine fever eradication program in Peru(Elsevier, 2019) Gómez-Vázquez, J.P.; Quevedo-Valle, M.; Flores, U.; Portilla Jarufe, K.; Martínez-López, B.Classical swine fever (CSF) is a viral infectious disease of swine with significant economic impact in the affected countries due to the limitation of trade, culling of infected animals and production losses. In Latin America, CSF is endemic in several countries including Ecuador, Bolivia, Brazil and Peru. Since 2010, the National Veterinary Services of Peru have been working to better control and eradicate the disease with an intensive vaccination program. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the vaccination program and determine which factors are still contributing to the persistence of the disease in certain regions of Peru. We integrated the data from the vaccination campaign, the live pig movement network and other socioeconomic indicators into a multilevel logistic regression model to evaluate their association with CSF occurrence at district level. The results revealed that high vaccination coverage significantly reduces the risk of CSF occurrence (OR = 0.07), supporting the effectiveness of the vaccination program. Districts belonging to large and medium pig trade network communities (as identified with walktrap algorithm) had higher probability to CSF occurrence (OR = 2.83 and OR = 5.83, respectively). The human development index (HDI) and the presence of a slaughterhouse in the district was also significantly associated with an increased likelihood of CSF occurrence (OR = 1.52 and OR = 3.25, respectively). Districts receiving a high proportion of the movements from districts that were infected in the previous year were also at higher risk of CSF occurrence (OR = 3.30). These results should be useful to guide the prioritization of vaccination strategies and may help to design other intervention strategies (e.g., target education, movement restrictions, etc.) in high-risk areas to more rapidly advance in the eradication of CSF in Peru.Item type: Item , Surveys reveal the occurrence of phytoplasmas in plants at different geographical locations in Peru(Wiley, 2009) Hodgetts, J.; Chuquillangui, C.; Muller, G.; Arocha, Y.; Gamarra, D.; Pinillos, O.; Velit, E.; Lozada, P.; Boa, E.; Boonham, N.; Mumford, R.; Barker, I.; Dickinson, M.Two independent surveys were performed in Peru during February and November 2007 to detect the presence of phytoplasmas within any crops showing symptoms resembling those caused by phytoplasmas. Molecular identifications and characterisations were based on phytoplasma 16S and 23S rRNA genes using nested PCR and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). The surveys indicated that phytoplasmas were present in most of the locations sampled in Peru in both cultivated crops, including carrots, maize, native potatoes, improved potato, tomato, oats, papaya and coconut, and in other plants such as dandelion and the ornamental Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus). Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences confirmed that while most of the isolates belong to the 16SrI aster yellows group, which is ubiquitous throughout other parts of South America, one isolate from potato belongs to the 16SrII peanut witches' broom group, and one isolate from tomato and one from dandelion belong to the 16SrIII X-disease group. The use of T-RFLP was validated for the evaluation of phytoplasma-affected field samples and provided no evidence for mixed infection of individual plants with more than one phytoplasma isolate. These data represent the first molecular confirmation of the presence of phytoplasmas in a broad range of crops in Peru.Item type: Item , New host plant and distribution records of Anastrepha species (Diptera: Tephritidae) primarily from the western Amazon(American Entomological Society, 2023) Rodriguez, E.J.; Norrbom, A.L.; Steck, G.J.; Moore, M.R.; Sutton, B.D.; Ruiz-Arce, R.; Wiegmann, B.M.; Cassel, B.; Nolazco, N.; Muller, A.; Gangadin, A.; Romero, B.; Rivera, M.; Rodriguez, P.; Keil, C.B.; Ramos, E.Q.; Branham, M.A.We report the results of long-term collecting efforts conducted mainly in the western Amazon region of Peru, and in Bolivia, Ecuador, Suriname, French Guiana, and Panama. Host plant and distribution records are documented for 55 plant species associated with 40 species of Anastrepha Schiner belonging to 15 species groups or unassigned to a group. We document new host records or provide detail for records recently reported in the literature with limited information and also describe the larval feeding modes within the fruit. This contributes to a better understanding of the biology of Anastrepha, facilitates phylogenetic analysis, and develops identification tools for the genus. We provide a synopsis of native host plants by Anastrepha species groups to compare the range of host plants within these groups. We report 25 plant species as hosts for the first time for 22 Anastrepha species and new distribution records for 18 Anastrepha species. We provide photographs of the fruit injury caused by larvae of 31 Anastrepha species. We report two larval feeding modes: 23 species are pulp feeders in 21 native and four exotic host plants, 11 species are seed feeders in 12 native host plants, and four species feed on both pulp and seeds of three native host plants. We report the first host plant record, two species of Sapotaceae, for the speciosa group, which is among the most ancestral clades of Anastrepha. We present and discuss our results in evolutionary terms following the most recently inferred Anastrepha phylogeny.
